Lipid Digestion

Most natural whole foods have inherent enzymes capable of completely or partially digesting lipids if the enzymes are not destroyed through heat and processing. This widely underestimated value of whole, raw, fresh foods has been by and large ignored.

Lipid Digestion

Lipid Digestion

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Lipid Digestion

Lipid Digestion

A common argument against the value of inherent food enzymes is the presumed inhospitability of the gastrointestinal tract to all complex proteins. In other words, it is argued that enzymes within the food would simply be broken down into individual amino acids and would not have a chance to effect their enzymatic action which depends upon intact secondary and tertiary structure, the folding of protein chains.

There is considerable evidence, however, that enzymes as well as other macromolecules are able to survive the rigors of digestion. Examples include the ability of bacteria, salivary ptyalin, amylase and pollen to not only survive the digestive tract but be absorbed into the circulation.1-3 Another interesting example of the importance of natural food enzymes is the capability of bile activated lipase in milk to pass into the small intestine intact. This enzyme has thus far been identified in human, dog, cat and non-human primate raw mammary milk. If the enzyme is destroyed through pasteurization, growth has been shown to be cut in half compared to those receiving the enzyme in the whole, raw, natural product. 4-6

Although inherent food enzymes may be a virtue of raw natural foods since they can assist in the digestive process, they are often the enemy in processed foods. Lipase, for example, has the capability under the right conditions to begin hydrolyzing fatty acids from their glycerol backbone. However, this is undesirable in processed foods since once the fatty acids are split they may then more readily degrade and create various off-flavors as well as potentially toxic oxidized molecules. Lipoxygenase found in some raw seeds can catalyze the oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids. Such nutrient degrading enzymes are inactivated by heat (and germination -- a better way) in processing methods. 7

Fresh "from the vine" fatty acids are still ensconced within protective cells and normally do not degrade unless separated from their natural context. Lipoxygenase in soybeans, for example, is activated as soon as the bean is split. Thus food enzymes are an enemy to the food processor who seeks shelf life, but a potential nutritional benefactor.

Food enzymes prepared from microbiological cultures can be used as supplements to replace enzymes lost during processing. These dried, or oil emulsified products, are activated only when hydrated in the digestive tract and can assist in the digestive process.8

DIGESTIVE MECHANISMS
Endogenous digestion proceeds through many steps. When a food is eaten, mastication helps separate the fats from the other components of the food. This permits digestion by enzyme systems which allow less than 5% of fats to pass undigested. Digestion can begin with the secretion of serous glands on the back of the tongue in some species, including humans, continue in the stomach through the action of gastric lipase, and be completed by pancreatic lipase excreted into the small intestine. As lipids enter the duodenum, various hormones such as secretin and cholecystokinin are stimulated. These hormones influence lipid digestion by affecting the pH of the intestinal contents, the release of pancreatic lipase, and the secretion of bile.

The increase in pH that occurs as the food bolus Moves into the duodenum is necessary for the activity of pancreatic lipase. Secretion of bile salts from the liver emulsifies the products of lipolysis incorporating them into micelles which are complexes of bile salts, phospholipid molecules, and cholesterol. (Fig. 11)

[ Micelle Transport Image ]
[http://www.wysong.net/articles/lipid/figures/figure11.jpg]

Shorter chain fatty acids complexed with albumin are capable of being absorbed both in the stomach and in the small intestine. Longer chain triglycerides are disassembled in the small intestine by lipase, solubilized in micelles, and transported into mucosal cells (enterocytes) as free fatty acids. monoglycerides and small amounts of glycerol, diglycerides, cholesterol, and phospholipids. Once in the mucosal cell these components are reassembled into triglycerides, then complexed with protein, carbohydrate or phosphate and incorporated into chylomicrons which are a type of lipoprotein that permits transport of lipids within the watery medium of the blood. The inner core of the chylomicron is composed of nonpolar triglycerides and cholesterol esters, and the membrane is polar being made up of phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins which permit solubility in blood. (Fig. 12)

[ Lipid Absorption Image ]
[http://www.wysong.net/articles/lipid/figures/figure12.jpg]

Many more details of lipid digestion have been worked out quite intricately by researchers.9-14 It is interesting to note in this process that the principle of nothing working in isolation holds particularly true. The coordination of a variety of factors within the food itself and within the organism makes possible delivering lipids to the organism for energy and myriad metabolic processes.

Fats are not simply consumed and then passively absorbed through the walls of the intestine. Rather they are prepared by intricate emulsification systems, broken down in specific patterns by enzymes, absorbed by complex mechanisms, reassembled, and prepared for delivery to the body through complexing with a variety of other nutrients. These processes make it possible for non-water-soluble lipid components to be delivered efficiently throughout organisms which are comprised primarily of water… an incredible feat.

References available within book text, click the following link to view this article on wysong.net:
[http://www.wysong.net/articles/lipid/03_article_lipid_chapter_three_lipid_digestion.shtml]

For further reading, or for more information about, Dr Wysong and the Wysong Corporation please visit http://www.wysong.net or write to wysong@wysong.net. For resources on healthier foods for people including snacks, and breakfast cereals please visit [http://www.cerealwysong.com].

Lipid Digestion

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Pergola Plans - How to Build a Pergola Attached to House

It's easy to get discouraged about building a pergola when you look at pergola plans, designs, and photos on the Web. Sure it would be nice to build a replica of the Taj Mahal in your backyard, but who can really afford something like that, much less have the skills to build it? I think what most people are looking for are smaller, more modest pergolas they can build themselves without a contractor. It won't be the easiest outdoor project you'll ever take on, but if you keep the plan design simple, just about any DIYer can build a nice-looking pergola without spending a fortune.

Pergola Plans - How to Build a Pergola Attached to House

Pergola Plans - How to Build a Pergola Attached to House

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Pergola Plans - How to Build a Pergola Attached to House

Pergola Plans - How to Build a Pergola Attached to House

Most houses in my part of the country have a small deck off the kitchen or master bedroom. That seems to be standard for new construction. Problem is that these open decks get blasted continuously with sunLight, and will bake you alive in summer if you try to spend any time out there.

And that's not to mention the sunLight damage to your deck boards. So what I've seen a lot of people do is simply attach a pergola to the side of the house and let the rafters hang over the deck or patio. This blocks just enough sun to make spending time outside more pleasant, as well as give a deck or patio a little added protection from UV rays.

That's not to say you necessarily have to attach a pergola to the side of your house. There are plenty of pergola plans for building free-standing structures, maybe something that will sit a little farther out in the yard. You'll want to understand the difference between these two kinds of construction, though (attached pergolas and stand-alone pergolas) because one is definitely not like the other.

Attached Pergola
By far, the easier approach to building a pergola is to attach it to the side of your house, garage, or some other existing structure. The idea is to use the stability of what's already in your yard to keep your pergola in place. This means less planning, fewer materials, and much quicker construction than building a free-standing pergola. If you already have a deck in place, this will make the job even easier. An existing deck gives you the perfect foundation for mounting the main posts of a pergola, which is a key component in making your pergola stay upright. The other key component of an attached pergola is the ledger - a board that you'll attach to the side of your house to support the rafters. If you can get these two structural components set up properly, constructing the rest of an attached pergola is fairly easy

Stand-Alone Pergola
A stand alone pergola can be a stunning addition to your backyard or patio. These kinds of pergola plans, though, are a little more challenging than the type you attach to the side of your house. As with any kind of free-standing structure, you'll need a secure foundation to keep the pergola from blowing over in a brisk wind. This means having to dig at least four holes in the ground and then setting posts in concrete to create footings. Keep in mind that any time you start digging holes around your house you run the risk of hitting something that the city might have buried there (like cable and gas lines). Call your utility companies first to let them know about your project plans. They'll come out and mark the location of any buried cables you might have around the house. After that you'll be ready to go. If all this sounds a little intimidating...laying out footings, digging post holes, pouring concrete...you might consider finding a contractor to take on this stage of the pergola project. This will free you up to concentrate on building the frame, rafters, and other more decorative parts of a pergola.

Pergola Plans - How to Build a Pergola Attached to House

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How to Build Wooden Shelving

There are many people out there look to find out how to build wooden shelving. The fact is that it is not all that hard, and we are going to look at the basic things that you are going to need. We are also going to look at the basic starting process of hot to build wooden shelving.

How to Build Wooden Shelving

How to Build Wooden Shelving

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How to Build Wooden Shelving

How to Build Wooden Shelving

The first thing that you need to know is that you cannot just use a piece of wood and a bracket to make a shelf. Now, yes, it might seem like is it that easy, but there are many different types of shelves out there, ones that look like home made shelves, and those that look like they were made by a professional. The great thing about it is that you are able to make them both, if you want to go with the ones that look like that are made by a professional you will have to follow certain steps and you will need to know exactly how to build wooden shelving, even before you start.

The first piece of the puzzle is the wooden component. You will need to first figure out what type of wood you are going to use. This does depend on where you are suing the shelf. You do not want to get dark rooms in your bed room, unless of course you are going for that darker feel in there. However, most f the time you will need to take Lighter wood in a bed room.

If you want to make use of dark wood you will find that the living room, or TV room is the best place for that. Here you can go all out and put wood just about anywhere. If you have wooden floors, however, you will want to get a matching wood to use for your shelving, otherwise it is going to end up looking a little funny.

Now, wood in not the only thing you are going to need. You will need to get screws, saws and sander as well as a lot of other things if you are going to build a professional looking shelf for your home or to hang on your wall.

You will also have to remember that the shelf that hangs on the wall will not be the same type of shelf that stands on the floor and that holds your TV and other heavy appliances. You will have to get heavy duty shelving for this job, so you will need to read up on that too, that is of course if you are going to build your own TV and component units.

To start off with, if you are looking to save a little money, you will want to get your pieces of wood precut for you. This will require you to take precise measurements, so be careful and start doing that before you do anything else. If you do it right you will know exactly how to build wooden shelving, because you will have planned it all on paper first.

How to Build Wooden Shelving

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Die Casting - Advantages and Disadvantages

Die casting is a process in which molten metal is forced under high pressure into mold cavities. The metal hardens to get a desired shape. In recent times, plastic molded parts have replaced die-casting, as they are cheaper and Lighter than die cast parts. Die-casting can be done using a cold chamber or hot chamber process.

Die Casting - Advantages and Disadvantages

Die Casting - Advantages and Disadvantages

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Die Casting - Advantages and Disadvantages

Die Casting - Advantages and Disadvantages

About Die Casting Process

Die casting is a widespread non-expendable technique in which metal are forced into the mold cavity under high pressure. Die casting mold that are known as dies can be used repeatedly to produce castings in a variety of sizes, shapes and wall thickness. The mold cavities are designed with intricate designs that enables in producing complex shapes with accuracy, surface finish and attractiveness..

History of Die Casting

In the early days of die casting only low-pressure injection method was used, but today high-pressure casting techniques like squeeze casting and semi-solid die casting methods are use to cast more than 4500 pounds per square inch. Initially, only tin and lead were die caste, but now magnesium, copper and other alloys are also to cast using this highly popular process.

Die Casting Process

In this process molten metal or other materials are forced, under high pressure into the cavities of the steel mold. Dies are two part molds that are made of alloy tool steel - The fixer die half and the ejector die half. The die or mold is fabricated with the impression of the component that is to cast. There are four types of dies:

Single cavity to produce one component
Multiple cavity to produce a number of identical parts
Unit die to produce different parts at one time
Combinations die to produce several different parts for an assembly

The molten metal is injected into the die under high pressure and high speed, which helps in producing a casting that is smooth and precise as the original mold. The pressure is maintained on the mold until the hot metal solidifies. When the metal is hardened, the die is opened to reMove the casting.

There are several variations on the basic process that can be used to produce castings for specific applications. These include:

Squeeze casting - A method by which molten alloy is cast without turbulence and gas entrapment at high pressure to yield high quality, dense, heat treatable components.

Semi-solid molding - A procedure where semi-solid metal billets are cast to provide dense, heat treatable castings with low porosity.

Alloys used

Aluminum, copper, lead, zinc and tin based alloys are predominantly used in die-casting.

Automation

In modern day, sophisticated die casting machines are used that ensures consistent quality control. Every machined die-casting differs in the method in which molten meal is poured into the die. Automations are used to lubricate dies, pour the metal into the chamber, etc. Two processes called the hot chamber and the cold chamber methods are used for die casting.

Applications

Die casting is most suitable for casting medium sized parts with complex details. Die-casting is the largest casting technique that is used to manufacture consumer, commercial and industrial products like automobiles, Toys, parts of sink faucet, connector housing, gears, etc. Most die castings are done from non-ferrous metals like aluminum, magnesium, etc.

Advantages

Economical process that can be used for a wide range of complex application
Parts have longer service life, dimensional accuracy and close tolerance
Post machining can be totally eliminated
A process that can be fully automated
Mold can be use repeatedly.

Disadvantages

Casting weight must be between 30 grams.
Casting must be smaller than 600 mm (24 in)
High initial cost.
Limited to high-fluidity metals.

Die Casting - Advantages and Disadvantages

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Garden Sheds - An Important Outbuilding Component

Outbuildings are becoming one of the important assets in the house. They are meant to provide an extra space to some of the household items. Sheds, one of the important outbuilding components, are used to store several items, which cannot be stored inside the house. Similarly, garden sheds are important for storing garden equipments and tools.

Garden Sheds - An Important Outbuilding Component

Garden Sheds - An Important Outbuilding Component

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Garden Sheds - An Important Outbuilding Component

Garden Sheds - An Important Outbuilding Component

Here is the answer to some of the inquiries regarding garden sheds.

How to buy the right garden sheds?

These sheds last for several years. They also add beauty to your garden or backyard. So, your right decision while choosing plays a significant role. Let's learn the important measures to be kept in mind before making your choice.

Firstly, you need to decide if you want to have an already made shed or want to build it on your own. Ready made sheds are easy to install and ready to use. But, if you want to build one for yourself, you need to plan on buying supplies required and at the same time, schedule time for the same. Measure the size of your garden and then, decide the size of the shed, you might need. Decide the type of garden shed, you need. Metal frame is best for the large garden supplies and heavy duty equipments. Wooden sheds are commonly found as these are reliable and pleasing to the eyes. Plastic ones are best suited for small gardens, but not for daily use. Keep a check on your budget. Visit some local hardware shop or browse for information online and find the most appropriate size and style, as per your budget.
How to use a garden shed?

Once prepared, it becomes very important to use it properly. Here are some of the ideas to maximize its usage.

Use hooks, shelves and other related tools to maximize the storage area inside it. Store it wisely. Avoid wastage of space. Try to store in such a way that it occupies the minimum amount of space inside. Thus, it is always advisable to store your tools and other supplies in the most efficient way possible. Power Supply, workbench and some other special tools, if added, will make it your personal workshop. It is easy to repair small issues related to carpentry, metal working and other crafts in such personal workshops. You can even make these outbuildings your own personal gym. You can have some work out benches and tools and can spend some time, working out over your body. It can be used for storing seasonal decorations and other household items

Thus, it is highly significant to choose the right shed for your house and use it wisely, without wasting out any space. These small outbuildings will really serve your purpose of storing various items and supplies.

Garden Sheds - An Important Outbuilding Component

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Bedroom Decorating Ideas For An Asian Style Bedroom

A lot of homeowners consider home decorating to be quite a challenge, however if you can identify the furniture, accessories and colors to use, you can quite easily create your own Asian decorating bedroom. Here are some bedroom decorating ideas on how you can transform your bedroom to have a charming Asian influence.

Bedroom Decorating Ideas For An Asian Style Bedroom

Bedroom Decorating Ideas For An Asian Style Bedroom

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Bedroom Decorating Ideas For An Asian Style Bedroom

Bedroom Decorating Ideas For An Asian Style Bedroom

If you want your Asian influenced bedroom to be bold then stick to golds and reds for the color scheme. Get paint cards with the colors on them and then you can take the paint cards with you when purchasing accessories and furniture and always get a perfect match.

In the bedroom, you can add unique interest with bedding, vases, picture frames and, of course, your bed, bureaus and night stands. You want to end up with an oriental influenced style with black lacquered furniture. Taking the time to choose the proper accessories and furniture will improve your Asian home decorating style.

Some bedroom decorating ideas for great Asian style accents include folding screens, kimonos and painted lacquer accessories to add appeal, but you also should consider the window treatments as well as the walls and flooring. Window treatments for the Asian decorating style can be bold and colorful or you could simply use bamboo shades. For wonderful wall decor, you could try adding Colorful Asian prints in bamboo, bright red or black lacquer frames or even hang up a silk embroidered Kimono.

Another thing to consider is the correct Lighting. Bedrooms need both overhead Lights and Lights for beside the bed. Look for lighting that is bright with black painted wood or adorned with rice paper shades to augment the Asian decorating style decorating approach.

Another major component that will help give the room designer appeal together is flooring and adding area rugs to your Asian decorating style bedroom can make the room look put together. The perfect type of flooring for the colorful and exotic style is bamboo mats or sculpted rugs which should be neutral or bright colors depending on your style.

You can also add to your décor with style figures such as Geisha girl dolls on black lacquer shelves or simple flower arrangements in unassuming vases or bowls. An indoor water fountain always adds an interesting touch. You could also add an Asian room divider, and Asian figurines in glass domes to make the most of your decorating scheme. On the bed, pile up decorative pillows in rich red and gold silks.

These bedroom decorating ideas for an Asian decorating style bedroom can be easy and fun if you put together a good plan ahead of time. Shop wisely for only the items in your plan and place them accordingly and you'll have the wonderful look of Asian influence in no time!

Bedroom Decorating Ideas For An Asian Style Bedroom

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Generalized Audit Software (GAS)

Generalized Audit Software (GAS) is one of the families of Software that is frequently utilized in Computer-Assisted Auditing. It is an off-the-shelf package that can provide a means to gain access to and interrogate data maintained on computer storage media. It is one of the tools IT Auditors utilize to obtain evidence directly on the quality of the records produced and maintained by application systems. There are many GAS packages available in today's market. However, their quality and diversity do vary. It is recommended that you investigate several packages and talk with other users before purchasing one.

Generalized Audit Software (GAS)

Generalized Audit Software (GAS)

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Generalized Audit Software (GAS)

Generalized Audit Software (GAS)

GAS consists of a series of computer program routines that can read computer files, select desired information, perform repetitive calculations, and print reports in an Auditor-specified format. Generalized Audit Software enables Auditors to have direct access to computerized records and to deal effectively with large quantities of data. Since GAS can quickly scan, test, and summarize all the data in a computer file, many procedures that ordinarily would be performed on a sample basis can be extended to the entire population. In addition, the use of GAS typically leads to a better understanding of automated systems and computer-based operations. It can make auditing more interesting and challenging and is an excellent way of introducing Auditors to evidence collection process and electronic data file integrity checking within an IT Environment.

Generalized Audit Software can accomplish the following audit tasks:

1. Examine records for quality, completeness, consistency, and correctness (review bank demand deposit files for unusually large deposits and withdrawals)

2. Verify calculations and make computations (re-compute interest, Bank COT, etc. and verify payroll Net pay, Deductions, etc.)

3. Compare data on separate files (compare current and prior-period inventory files for obsolete and slow-moving items)

4. Select and print audit samples (accounts receivable confirmations, customer refunds over a certain amount).

5. Summarize and re-sequence data (re-sequence inventory items by location to facilitate physical observations).

6. Compare data obtained through other audit procedures with company records (compare creditor statements with accounts payable files).

Some advanced GAS can include a wide variety of audit functions. They enable even novice-Auditors to perform professional jobs. Apart from the wide range of audit functions and the ease of use, the advanced GAS are now able to access, analyze and report on a range of different files saved in heterogeneous hardware and software platforms which are distributed through either an enterprise Intranet facilities or other means, including the global computer networks. Two common names in these features are ACL and IDEA.

GAS provides the distinct advantage over conventional programming languages of being relatively easy to learn and use. Most GAS systems require only about one week of training, and proficiency may be attained after several weeks of use. Furthermore, GAS specification coding, typically requires a fraction of the coding entries needed for conventional programming languages. This permits faster coding and reduces the likelihood of errors.

Generalized Audit Software (GAS)

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